ABSTRACT
The green technologies using microorganisms (bioremediation) and plants (phytoremediation) are economic and efficient alternative approach than other remediation methods to decontaminate polluted soils. Different strategies and protocols for bioremediation and phytoremediation have been designed, optimized, and adapted to restore contaminated terrestrial environments with PAHs. Various bacterial and fungal species and plants have the ability of bio-transforming these pollutants into less hazardous ones. Nonetheless, there are constraints for effective implementation of these bioremediation technologies, such as insufficient monitoring tools and flawed risk management. The use of advanced and contemporary molecular techniques to understand PAH-contaminated sites is revealing an increasing number of yet uncultured microorganisms, whose degrading ability remains unexplored.
