ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, ranking third and second for men and women, respectively. In 2018, Global Cancer Observatory estimated more than 1.8 million new CRC cases worldwide. There are various therapeutic modalities for CRC depending on the pathological characteristics of the tumor. This chapter summarizes the list of CRC treatments reviewed according to their date of application or approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Molecular biomarker is an umbrella term for all biomarkers that can be measured based on the biomarker's molecular characteristic. The detection of biomarkers has been the backbone for screening and diagnostic aid in medical laboratories. Currently, the screening of CRC-related biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen and insulin-like growth factor-1 through liquid biopsy is made more convenient, but still lacks specificity. Microsatellite instability is described as having genes with altered lengths due to small insertions and deletions of short, repetitive DNA sequences throughout the genome.
