ABSTRACT
Plants in the natural environment are frequently subjected to many abiotic stresses (such as drought, heat, salt and cold) simultaneously. Plants cease and resume development under various environment on a regular basis. Plant hormones and growth regulators help to attain this flexibility in their design and growth patterns. Plants can adjust to a wide range of environmental situations according to their adaption strategies. It’s critical to understand how the various stress-response pathways interact with one another, as well as the crosstalk cascades that shift feedback from one pathway to another. Plant hormones and growth regulators play critical roles in seed germination, flowering, senescence, and dormancy, among other developmental processes. They also trigger adaptive responses in response to environmental cues such as abiotic stressors. While auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, gibberellins, and strigolactones have been identified as plant growth regulators, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid and jasmonates have been related to stress control. Polyamines, neurotransmitters and gasotransmitters are among the recently found endogenous plant growth substances that possess phytohormone-like stress-regulatory effects. Several studies are discussed in this chapter that evaluate numerous genes, kinase cascades, transcription factors, receptors, and reactive oxygen species, all of which are important components of signaling crosstalk for adjusting plant responses to varied stimuli. Understanding how several stress-response pathways interact within the plants, as well as where the points of crosstalk that switch responses from one pathway to another, is crucial. The creation of stress-adaptive or stress-tolerant crops hinges on the identification of key master regulators that connect distinct abiotic stress-response pathways. Furthermore, engineering phytohormone and phytohormone-like plant growth regulator biosynthetic pathways could be a promising opportunity for researchers looking to build more resistant and nutritionally efficient crops.
