ABSTRACT
Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan are among the countries that are affected by Leishmaniasis, a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that is prevalent in underdeveloped and neglected regions of the world. Concerning outbreaks and fatalities, it remains one of the most devastating parasitic diseases. Infected sandflies are the most common hosts for the Leishmania parasite. A bite from an infected sandfly can cause Leishmaniasis; when feeding on blood, sandflies inject the infectious stage (promastigotes) from their proboscis. The condition can manifest in one of three ways, namely, cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral, with the cutaneous form being the most benign. When promastigotes, the infectious stage, reach the puncture wound, macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells phagocytize it. This disease involves the reticuloendothelial system. The diseased macrophages spread infection across the body, especially to the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Antiparasitic pentavalent antimonial agents, pentamidine, antibiotics, and several others are among the drugs available to treat this disease. Any exposed skin and the cuffs and bottoms of pants should be treated with insect repellent. The most powerful insect repellents contain DEET. Indoor sleeping areas should be sprayed with insecticide, and a few other precautions are also indicated. Neurologic dysfunctions are not typically mentioned when describing prevalent clinical indicators of the spectrum of Leishmania-derived illnesses. Despite this, there have been numerous reports of neurological symptoms, whether central or peripheral, in both human and veterinary medicine. We also discuss these neurological symptoms of Leishmania spp. infection in this review.
