ABSTRACT
The ocean is a diverse ecosystem with abundant biological resources that provides numerous benefits. These benefits, of course, have a significant impact on human life, so the ocean and the organisms that live in it must be preserved. Humans must also keep the ocean clean by not polluting or harming the marine ecosystem, but in reality, humans are quite ignorant and continue to engage in many activities that can harm the marine ecosystem. Damage to marine ecosystems can also lead to water quality degradation in the form of decreased physical quality, chemical quality, bacteriological quality, and radioactivity. Damage to marine ecosystems is frequently caused by crude oil leaks in offshore mining. Leaks and explosions of offshore platforms and structures, subsea pipelines, and tanker operations can all result in oil spills. Based on the number of cases of oil leaks or spills in the ocean, special attention from the relevant authorities is required to prevent, overcome, and provide appropriate solutions to the problem of oil leaks in the ocean. This is done to foresee the destruction of marine ecosystems, which will have an impact on the degradation of marine waters, as well as other effects that are detrimental to aspects of life as a result of oil leaks or spills. Many countries overexploit the sea and its resources, with little regard for the preservation of the sea and its resources. Furthermore, actions to preserve and protect the marine environment are frequently overlooked and underutilized. Such actions are harmful not only to the territory of the country involved in the incident but also to the territory of other neighboring countries. Furthermore, this condition initiates a dispute between the state or party suspected of causing the damage or pollution and other countries affected by the damage or pollution. This chapter will go over oil spill remediation technology that is commonly used, with a focus on biological cleanup processes that use biosurfactants to increase the efficiency of biodegradation and cleanup.
