ABSTRACT
The natural environment is vital for every living thing, including human beings, and provides all services such as water, food, air, biodiversity, regulation of the climate, nutrient cycling, waste degradation, accommodation, etc. Nanotechnology is rapidly expanding worldwide in multi-billion USD in the food, agricultural, and medicine sectors. The transfer of electrons between the aquatic system’s chemical moieties and the nanoparticles (NPs) leads to the redox process. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are transformed via physical, chemical, and biological processes. Biocompatibility and toxicity investigations of new material before it is employed for application, especially for biological activities, are very important. Surface charge is another determinant factor in the toxicity of nanomaterials. Setting regulatory definitions for NPs is difficult for various reasons. The toxicity of the NPs is measured based on different frameworks, extending from in vitro cell culture assessment to basic model organisms like sea urchin and daphnia and higher vertebrate animals such as primates and rodents.
