ABSTRACT
Environmental sustainability has been experimented by a lot of academic institutions to aspire the advance solutions of climate change, land degradation, water scarcity, and collapsing ecosystems through the implementation of green technologies that decrease water and energy consumption, and also minimize the use of hazardous materials. Green technology means that it safe for environment/environmental friendly, inexpensive with good performances. This technology emerged as a photovoltaic device called dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) that was demonstrated by Michael Gratzel in 1991.This device uses low production costs and simple operations as photosynthesis in plants where solar energy is absorbed by the pigments to produce energy. The development of DSSC is carried by the semiconductor materials such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) that are often used as photoanode materials because of their good energy harvesting abilities. Those materials are cheap, nontoxic, biocompatible, chemically stable, and have a high refractive index.
