ABSTRACT
Graphene and graphene oxides, nanodiamonds, fullerenes, and carbon nanodiamonds have all been studied as a result of the prosperity of carbon allotropes due to their stringent framework, high thermal conductivity, versatility for reconfiguration and functionalization, excellent surface-to-volume proportion, and superior biocompatibility. Though these innovative carbon allotropes have some commonalities, they also have some unique and unusual physical or mechanical characteristics. For their intended uses, carbon allotropes' functionalization and characterization are essential. Graphene, for instance, can be chemically functionalized to allow certain materials to be treated using solvent-assisted methods, including spin-coating, layer-by-layer assembly, and purification. Additionally, it retains the intrinsic features of carbon allotropes and inhibits the aggregation of single-layer graphene throughout reduction. The deep insights into the framework and structural arrangement of the carbon allotropes are also made possible by the characterization. With that in mind, this chapter offers a fundamental understanding of the precise covalent and noncovalent functionalization and characterization of several forms of carbon allotropes.
