ABSTRACT
Due to increased attention to the potential use of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in applications such as disaster management, border protection, security surveillance, etc., sensors need to be placed in large numbers and to operate independently in inaccessible environments where some phenomenon is to be monitored. Wireless sensor networks consist of one or more small nodes with wireless sensing, and data networking capabilities. Sensor networks consisting of wireless sensor nodes with limited battery power are deployed in the field to collect useful information. Collecting sensed information in an energy-efficient manner is critical to operating the sensor network for a long period of time. Therefore, many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specially designed for WSNs, which have energy awareness issues. Challenges in such WSNs include high bandwidth demand, high energy consumption, quality of service (QoS) provisioning, data processing and compressing techniques, and cross-layer design. Physical environment need to be addressed in the next generation network. Internet of Things (IoT) network enabling technologies are expected to support a broad range of applications with significant variations in application requirements. LoRaWAN is intended to service delay-tolerant, low-data-rate applications such as agriculture, some of the smart city and smart environment applications, and inventory management systems, while facilitating long-range transmission of application nodes. Network lifetime, which can be broadly defined as the network operational duration fulfilling application objectives, is one of the most important key network performance indicators for IoT applications. In many real-world sensor network applications, a nonrenewable battery is used as the energy source of the nodes, and the death of essential nodes, which is marked by either the complete depletion of energy or unusable residual energy, determines the lifetime of a network. Security, privacy, computation, and energy constraints, and reliability issues, are the major challenges facing WSNs, especially during routing. To solve these challenges, WSN routing protocols must ensure confidentiality, integrity, privacy preservation, and reliability in the network.
