ABSTRACT
This chapter deals with the design of Dynamic Element Matching (DEM) techniques that are found in oversampling Sigma-Delta with 3-level unit elements. It does not intend to burden the readers with any intensive mathematical analysis of the techniques but rather it provides the intuitive insights and practical solutions to the problems from an engineering point of view. The chapter concludes with a few application-dependent concepts of DEM that are very useful to reduce power consumption, silicon area, and enhance the design performance. The chapter begins with review of 2-level DEM concepts, terminologies, and observations as these serve as the foundation for 3-level DEM algorithms. Multi-bit modulators with 2-level unit elements offer a much more efficient solution to achieve the desired high SNR performance. This goal can be achieved by re-seeding both pointers to a random location in the next clock cycle if they are at the same location in the current clock cycle.
