ABSTRACT
There is a rapid increase in infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens, causing serioushealth problems worldwide. An unprecedented explosion in nanotechnology research is gaining momentum in the therapy and eradication of antibiotic-resistant strains. The multidrug-resistant bacterial strains (MDRBs) pose a major threat to modern healthcare systems. MDRB strains rapidly mutate to develop resistance where conventional antibiotics do not work. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a widely used technique for treating the damage of pathogenic cells using specifically the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are intentionally produced by photoactivating chemical reactions mediated by photosensitisers. PDT is a present technique for inactivating microorganisms that do not lead to the selection of mutant-resistant strains. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy has aroused interest in nanotechnology, which can increase the effectiveness of photosensitisers (PS) through the use of nanoparticles (NP). Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) includes non-toxic dyes with visible light that are harmless to produce ROS that kills the targeted microbial cells. Photodynamic therapy preferentially localises non-toxic photosensitisers (PS) to specific tissues and activates them with a suitable wavelength of light to make them cytotoxic to cells in the targeted tissue. It is based on the concept of being able to provide oxygen and free radicals. There are many different types of metal-based nanoparticles like gold, copper, and silver, that are used for PDT.
