ABSTRACT
One of the significant fruit crops grown worldwide is the grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Although it is a high-maintenance crop, the fruit is nutritionally rich, and various grape products are of commercial importance. It is affected by several biotic and abiotic variables, which reduce the composition of the grape and, eventually, the yield. Omics-based studies on grapes have increased significantly since the first grape genome sequencing was completed in 2007. Molecular and breeding techniques are used to develop the best vine cultivars. The transcriptional changes related to grape development and ripening processes, which demonstrate complicated gene and protein expression variations, are exploited in numerous transcriptome research studies to discover various molecular mechanisms. Proteomic research has made it possible for us to comprehend the intricate gene and protein expression changes that occur throughout the berry development process affected by different environmental factors. The metabolic profile of grapes under different environmental conditions, different locations, and stress has helped to understand and develop strategies for improvement of crops. Genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomics research must be integrated in order to generate a good crop with improved nutritional quality and free from disease and pests.
