ABSTRACT
Solid waste materials formed from domestic, municipal solid waste (MSW), and industrial by-products are a major environmental concern in the modern period. Their global release is assumed to be nearly 2.2 billion tones by 2025, and their removal cost is expected to be USD 375.5 billion. Hazardous substances in MSW invariably exist as a result of biochemical reactions within the landfill and the uncontrolled heavy discharge. Composting, incineration, and anaerobic digestion are all common methods for disposing of municipal household waste materials and chemicals released from industry, contributing to the toxicity of leachate and hence creating a harmful effect on the water bodies into which it is discharged. Solid waste has traditionally been disposed of in landfills. In modern era, many technologies, comprising many methods like biological, chemical, and physical processes, including membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, have been developed, which include membrane biodegradation and separation processes, have been developed and tested for the elimination of contaminants from landfill leachate containing complex organic and inorganic substances and recalcitrant compounds. Electrochemical oxidation, mechanical filtration, settling, reverse osmosis (RO) treatment, ultrafiltration (UF), adsorption, and ultraviolet disinfection methods have been applied in the treatment of diverse components present in MSWs landfill leachate. Here, various membrane technologies, including separation by pressure-assisted membrane filtration processes, e.g., microfiltration, UF, RO, and nanofiltration (NF); with a focus on RO applied at the primary level, and the merits and demerits of the different existing leachate treatments have been presented for sustainable MSW management by using the membrane separation technology.
