ABSTRACT
Environmental friendly Insect Pest Management (IPM) relies on preventive rather than reactive strategies. Host plant resistance among crop plants is a major part of IPM. It has been used as a control measures for various agricultural pests for many years. Adopting good agronomic practices that avoid or reduce insect pest infestations and damage refers to cultural control. Pest exclusion with netting or row covers, handpicking or vacuuming to remove pests, mechanical tools for weed control, traps for rodent pests, modifying environmental conditions such as heat or humidity in greenhouses, steam sterilization or solarization, visual or physical bird deterrents such as reflective material or sonic devices are some examples of physical or mechanical control. The activity of natural enemies mainly depends on the stability of the agro ecosystem, its habitat management, which is a form of conservation biological control. Chemical control typically refers to the use of synthetic chemical pesticides.
