ABSTRACT
Biosorbents based on agricultural byproducts have been reported to be a potential medium for removing heavy metals from an aqueous solution. Utilization of waste biomass resources should be considered not only from an economic point of view, to transform the resources into valuable products. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is an abundant agricultural waste generated after mushroom harvest. The pretreatment technique employed may enhance the adsorption and removal of organic pollutants. Different possible mechanisms, such as ion exchange, metal binding, redox reaction, surface adsorption, and precipitation, can be modified using pretreatment methods. They improve the biosorption capacity of SMS, and chemical or physical–biological techniques can be applied. Therefore, implementing an innovative strategy for using SMS as a biosorbent in various industries requires further research to increase circular economy, clean, and green sustainable energy production.
