ABSTRACT
Different organic and inorganic contaminants are present in the biosystem, especially aquatic bodies due to an upsurge in global population growth and the emergence of new industries. Heavy metals, which can be poisonous and/or carcinogenic, and hazardous to humans and other living creatures, are among these contaminants. Heavy metals from different sectors that are most concerning are mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb). They are products from a variety of sources, including fertilizers, insecticides, pigments, metal complex dyes, mordants, and fixing agents (which are added to dyes to increase dye adsorption onto the fibers). Legislation regarding wastewater heavy metal limitations is getting stricter in advanced nations. Electrodialysis, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, reduction, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and adsorption are a few of the treatment methods used to remove heavy metals. Adsorption is the most effective strategy out of these treatments because others have built-in drawbacks including the production of a lot of sludge, being inefficient, needing delicate working conditions, and high cost for disposal. The adsorption approach is emerging as a potentially chosen substitute for the removal of heavy metals and contaminants due to its reversibility, high-quality treated effluent, design flexibility, and ability to replenish the adsorbent.
