ABSTRACT
Centralized systems are mostly not feasible and suitable due to some economical, technical, or institutional reasons. Decentralized systems refer to a range of technologies, mostly small-scale water purification and distribution systems. The technical, environmental, and economic performances of present technologies are frequently thought to be enhanced by decentralized treatment. Decentralized water recycling and reuse might be developed as a long-term solution to supply people in these areas with safe, palatable, and inexpensive water, particularly in developing nations where there is a physical and economic water shortage. Installation and operational costs, ease of deployment, maintenance, acceptability, comfort, performance, energy requirements, supply chain requirements, environmental effect, odour, and health considerations are the elements that are typically viewed to influence the choice of technology. The economic analysis of decentralized water systems depends on various factors like the type of system, source of water, consumer number scale, water policies, the intended use of water, etc. The costs to developers and citizens will be equivalent to or lower than those of present systems, according to a thorough techno-economic and feasibility review of the costs of extreme decentralization, which will also result in a decrease in per capita water demand. Decentralized solutions provide safer and more affordable water reuse choices for communities without centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Beyond the economic outcomes, additional factors need to be considered to ensure water supply, such as the preservation of freshwater resources and climate change adaptation methods. Integrating decentralized reuse can be a potent way to achieve dependability and sustainability beyond water supply diversification whether thinking about new systems or the extension of current systems.
