ABSTRACT
In the past few decades, the increasing demand for water in drinking, irrigation, and industrial processes has created significant water stress issues. As a result, water scarcity and deteriorating water quality have become major challenges faced by many regions around the world (Jenssen, Vråle, and Lindholm 2007; Islam, Reinstädtler, and Eslamian 2015; Diaz-Elsayed et al. 2019; Van Rossum 2020; Nagpal et al. 2021; Knutsson and Knutsson 2021; Samuel et al. 2022). Wastewater recycling and reuse is a rational and practical approach that contributes to environmental protection worldwide. By reusing water, several benefits can be achieved, including increasing water availability, reducing the demand for freshwater resources in agricultural irrigation and industrial processes, promoting sustainable management of water resources in different climatic conditions, and supporting environmental and public health protection (Shelef and Azov 1996, Vazquez-Montiel, Horan, and Mara 1996; El Moussaoui et al. 2019; Van Rossum 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Knutsson and Knutsson 2021).
