ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces the environments experienced by a spacecraft during development and in-orbit operation, as well as their impact on the spacecraft. The special environments include the carrier rocket environment, in which the spacecraft is launched, the dynamic environment, the external heat flow environment, and the space environment. As part of the environmental system, these special environments should be taken as constraints and inputs for spacecraft adaptability design. The space environment elements that affect the spacecraft in solar-terrestrial space mainly include the Earth’s atmosphere and vacuum environment, solar electromagnetic radiation environment, charged particle radiation environment, and geomagnetic field environment. The geomagnetic field variation has an important impact on the Earth’s space radiation environment, thereby affecting the spacecraft’s magnetic torque and electronic devices to different degrees. “Absolutely charged” means that the spacecraft has a certain electric potential relative to the plasma “ground” in space.
