ABSTRACT
Genetic engineering has proved a promising field in the welfare of human survival. It involves manipulation or modification of genomic structure either by removing or introducing the DNA fragments that can alter the gene expression with altered function in target organisms. These alterations can be achieved either by using bacteriophages, or plasmids or by direct microinjections. The importunity of foreign DAN with its required design is very important in the successful outcome of genetic engineering. It is through the key improvements in the sequencing of DNA that the alterations, additions, insertions and deletions were made possible. With its successful advent and results genetic engineering has revolutionized the fields like medicine, industry, horticulture, agriculture, research and industry. Every single area of molecular biology has witnessed a tremendous advancement through the procedures of genetic engineering and the organisms so designed are known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). After the first small-scale trials of GM crops in 1990, the acceptance and adoption 74of these crops have increased considerably. Despite the increased yield and enhanced financial benefits, the technology has resulted in disagreement and a source of controversy and despite the expert intervention and consensus, the safety of GM foods still remains a leading concern with opponents. The source of foreign traits in GMOs is very diverse, it can be a bacterium or a distant wild relative of an organism. These foreign genes can be introduced into the target organisms by numerous techniques like recombinant DNA, gene delivery, electroporation or gene editing which encompass a series of steps using numerous sophisticated genetic engineering tools. One of the promising outcomes of genetic engineering is the restoration of the environment by remediation of deteriorated ecosystems and the development of eco-friendly processes and procedures for the reduction of environmental pollution. Despite its promising and luring outcomes, it has raised certain concerns like welfare and ethical issues, the emergence of resistant pathogenic strains and other possible threats which need to be seriously considered.
