ABSTRACT
Aquaculture is the prime industry for producing sea foods as wild marine stocks have diminished. The main impediment for the growth of aquaculture is the loss due to infectious diseases in fishes. Due to the consumption of fishes by humans and development of antibiotic resistance, the usage of antibiotics is restricted. Thus, the need of the hour is to develop vaccines to prevent economic loss caused by the infectious diseases in fish cultivation. At the present time, more than 30 different types of vaccines are utilized by the fisheries sector. Vaccines are of different types, namely, inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral-like particle vaccines, DNA vaccines, and RNA vaccines. Vaccines differ in their application methods, causative agents, and types of fishes, and all have their own advantages and disadvantages. Adjuvants are added to vaccine preparation in order to improve the effectiveness of vaccines. Two different categories of adjuvants were applied for vaccine preparations, namely, “signal 1” and “signal 2” facilitators. The name signifies their ability to activate T- and B-lymphocytes. Interaction among academia, regulatory authorities, and the pharmaceutical industry are vital for the production of effective vaccines.
