ABSTRACT
Nanoscience has developed considerably throughout the past decade because it has transitioned from high science to applied technology. There are few studies of the fate of nanoparticles and their path in human tissues or organs. Thus, that there are searches to date have addressed the mechanisms that prevent these particles from buildup in the vital organs, and by these ways the body can benefit from it as well as, we can prevent their negative impacts on human health.
Because nanomaterials (NMs) are part of the growing daily consumer products, especially in producing processes and medical merchandise, it’s necessary to safeguard each employee and end-users from inhalation of such substances attributable to their potential toxicity. One of the principles of toxins is that the risk of harm is related to the seriousness and exposure of the substance and also the vulnerability of the individual. The assessment of such criteria is complicated by the large diversity of nanoparticles, as well as the unique properties of nanoparticles because of their small size and large surface area, which would lead to a change in physical properties, as well as added chemicals. Procedures for the analysis and measurement of specific nanoparticles in media such as air, water, soil, tissue, blood, and urine should be developed and validated. It should be taken into account that there are properties of nanoparticles that exceed the concentration and that include size, shape, surface electrical charges, crystalline structure, surface chemistry, 234and conversion, as well as chemical coating. More importantly, the ratio between its small size and its large surface area means that NMs have unique physical-chemical properties compared to similar materials of larger size. The challenge is to determine how NMs interact with vital organs. The classic question relates to its survival and bioaccumulation in animals, humans, and the environment, as well as, may interfere with the genetic material in the cell or cell proteins, leading to an imbalance in the normal functions of the cell. It is necessary to develop a set of criteria to assess the potential risk of nanoparticles. It is important to recognize biological interactions as well as the biocompatibility between vital components within the body and nanoparticles to give a clear picture of the long-term usage of such techniques. In this chapter, we will present the clinical toxicities of NMs, the mechanisms of these toxicities, and how to overcome them. Furthermore, we also outline and present the therapeutic applications of some of these nanoparticles.
