ABSTRACT
Nanomaterial-based biosensors have become one of the major topics in the field of biological threat agents. With increasing threats and costs, the demand for biosensors has increased in the process of detecting nanomaterial threats. There are four categories of biosensor research on nanomaterials (NMs): gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), photonic crystals, and graphene. In recent years, new research and new technologies have been introduced along with new developments in the design of biosensors on NMs. Also, the biosensors are combined with new technologies such as molecular biology, NMs, agricultural production, food, and environmental monitoring activities, animals, plants, foods, soil, the air in water, pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins, proteins, malodors, germs, and more. Also, ongoing research has brought new designs of biosensors, which has a low cost.
