ABSTRACT
Chemicals utilised in pharmaceuticals are those that have biological activity. They frequently reach the environment and are excreted intact. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment are similar throughout wealthy countries (g L−1 and below), however it is unclear if this is also true for less developed nations. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) health concerns are still poorly understood. Long-term consequences cannot be ruled out until more research is done, despite the fact that there are no known short-term impacts on humans. The importance of the parent APIs’ metabolites and transformation products is not yet understood. Precautionary management measures to reduce the release of pharmaceuticals to the environment should be taken into consideration given knowledge of the existence of pharmaceuticals in the environment and some evidence of impacts. Regarding effluent treatment, no technology is effective for all substances. Because of its high energy consumption, effectiveness, and efficiency, advanced effluent treatment is not sustainable. Its suitability must therefore be determined on a case-by-case basis. Long-term success of the new paradigm known as “sustainable pharmacy” depends on improved biodegradable medications and increased handling and use measures at the source.
