ABSTRACT
One of the hardest things about ecology is trying to figure out what controls the number and variety of species, how these things are affected by natural or human-caused changes, and how these changes manifest in the processes and features of an ecosystem. These are some of the most critical questions that ecology can address. Globalization and climate change facilitate species’ mobility between locations, consequently leading to an increase in the prevalence of invasive species. However, significant uncertainties persist regarding the capacity of humans to detect and predict biological invasions (Van der Putten et al. 2007). The biological charges of exotic species into terrestrial ecosystems are among the most critical threats to the native biodiversity and ecological stability of these ecosystems. (Sousa et al. 2011). When discussing ecosystems, people often focus on invasive plants and other animals that dwell above the ground (Bardgett and Wardle 2010). However, the visible biota that inhabits ecosystems can significantly impact and move the unseen microbiological components of ecosystems and the processes that are driven by those components. In addition, there is an increasing realization that invasive microbes, such as those that cause diseases in humans, animals or plants, can change the structure and function of entire ecosystems. These diseases can affect humans, animals, or plants (Litchman 2010). The microbial communities found in the environment are immensely diverse and complicated. Some examples of these communities include microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. The intricate networks of connections created by these bacteria significantly impact the functioning of ecosystems and the biotic and abiotic components that make up an ecosystem (Shade et al. 2012).
