ABSTRACT
Petroleum-based plastics are used in many different daily-life commodities, including food packaging and agrochemicals, disposable catering supplies, medical devices, and flexible electronics. Petrochemical-based plastics have undeniably improved modern life; they have been made indispensable in a daily life, with dependency on their use constantly increasing for decades. To make biopolymers attractive and competitive with petroleum-based plastics, their mechanical and thermal properties need to be improved. Due to alarming environmental issues, a need for greener nanofillers for the improvement of nanocomposite properties is an urgent matter, as the extraction, synthesis, and modification of conventional nanofillers involve huge amounts of corrosive products. Chitosan-based biomaterials are also used to immobilize enzymes. The most commonly used plant-based antimicrobials include essential oils and extract from plants. The synthesis or creation of new substances and composites that can potentially be used in the medical industry or medicine requires examining their biological properties, especially their toxicity.
