ABSTRACT
The global degradation of water, land, and atmosphere caused by liberating hazardous substances from ongoing human activity is becoming a severe issue. This presents a number of ecological and health-related problems that make it more difficult for standard treatment solutions to be applied. The threats to human health are linked to the entry of heavy metals from contaminated soil into the food chain. Nanotechnology provides a beneficial impact on restoring metal-contaminated soil. Several biological, physical, and chemical techniques have been developed to cope with metal-contaminated soil. Physical remediation involves surface capping, vapor extraction, thermal treatment (electrical and steam-based heating), and electro-kinetic process, while chemical remediation works as solidification and stabilization, soil washing and flushing, nanotechnology, vitrification, and chelation. In addition, biological remediation involves bioventing or bio-ventilation, bio-augmentation, bio-stimulation, vermiremediation, and phytoremediation. Above-discussed techniques restore metal-contaminated soil. It also brings both traditional and advanced techniques in order to compare, understand, and apply these strategies effectively. This study sheds light on the advancement in nanotechnology and its novel roles in monitoring and 292treating toxicants with low cost, low energy, and high efficiency. The key aspect of the present study is to briefly highlight the uses, efficiency, and advantages of nanotechnology. In crux, nanotechnology is better than others due to its high competency rate, eco-friendly nature, potentially reduced waste material, and economic impact as well.
