ABSTRACT
Effluents from the industries are very harmful. These contain a large number of heavy metals which cause damage in fields. In biology, the phrase “heavy” comprises metalloids and metals that, at extremely low levels, can be harmful to both plants and animals. Several contaminants like selenium lead, mercury, and cadmium may not be necessary for plants because no physiological role is recognized. Others are necessary for plant development and metabolism, including iron, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, copper, zinc, and nickel. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Tl, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, As, Sb, Se, Ni,) are discovered in roughly 450 angiosperm species, accounting for fewer than 0.2% of all species of the angiosperms. Nanotechnology is emerging in this era. With the help of nanotechnology, small-sized particles are being produced and are helpful for the remediation of polluted soil. When plants are subjected to nanoparticles, they can remove the metals. Many species of plants are like metals and will grow in the metals or accumulate the metals from the soil. Hyperaccumulators are plants that accumulate heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, iron, mercury, and lead from the water as well as from the soil, for the checking of the capacity of plant species for phytoremediation in plant soil samples, shoots, and roots, the bioconcentration factor 194(BCF), biological accumulation coefficient (BAC), and biological transfer coefficient (BCF) were established.
