ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) brings together a variety of systems, both in terms of their constraints and their uses. One of the current challenges of the IoT is to provide a service to a huge number of objects. We will focus on Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN), wireless networks with large coverage, and low energy consumption. These networks aim to connect objects that share certain precise characteristics. First of all, these objects are optimized so that their autonomy is the greatest possible. In addition, they have small amounts of data to transmit regularly or sporadically. Finally, these are low-cost terminals. The coverage offered by each ground station is ideally as large as possible to limit the number of stations, this coverage being of the order of several tens of kilometers. This chapter aims to study the fundamentals of LPWAN, namely the characteristics, applications and design consideration, and analyze the existing standard technologies such as Lora, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M used as low power wide area networks in wireless network in terms of their coverage distance, cost, security, consumption bandwidth, and quality of service. We can conclude according to this review that each technology has advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of applications. In addition, despite the enhancements of scientific research on standard LPWAN technologies, there are still often challenges and issues that need to be addressed and resolved. Thus, this chapter provides some open issues for future research.
