ABSTRACT
The use of renewable energy sources rises to fulfill the demand for future electricity. Clean, infinite, and more cost-effective energy is generated from renewable sources. Most importantly, renewable energy sources don’t release any greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. The integration of renewable energy sources into the grid may lead to problems of grid stability and reliability due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, specifically wind and photovoltaic (PV) sources. Existing grids are developed to manage power flows from transmission and distribution lines that connect the centralized power grid to loads. When a grid integrates scattered renewable energy sources, bidirectional power flow, false tripping, loss of mains, changes in fault current magnitude in grid interconnected and islanded modes of operation, and network reconfiguration all contribute to grid reconfiguration. As a result, conventional protection methods are inadequate for a smart grid. In order to isolate the location of the fault within the minimum time period, the adaptive protection scheme is suitable. For the grid-connected and island operating modes of the microgrid, conventional protection techniques are not appropriate. An adaptive protection can real-time monitor and control the microgrid. The internet of things (IoT)-based adaptive protection is capable of showing network conditions and load parameters at the remote server. In addition to finding faulty portions of transmission lines, several electric power transmission companies have mostly relied on circuit indicators. The system for fault location and clearing appears to be more expensive and time consuming, even though sensors, breakers, and other communication lines are used. Finding the precise location of these faults, though, is still difficult. The current situation in fault identification is very tedious and time consuming because the technical crew and patrol teams still have to physically patrol and inspect the devices for longer hours to detect faulty sections of their transmission lines and then have to clear the fault, which requires a more human effort in identifying faults, even though fault indicator technology has given a reliable way to locate permanent faults. A number of issues, such as real-time structural awareness, faster and accurate fault localization, fault detection, fault classification, cost reduction, and condition-based maintenance rather than periodic maintenance can be addressed by a wireless sensor network IoT based on monitoring and controlling transmission and distribution lines. The internet of things era's ongoing technology advancements offer better ways to address protection issues and implement the policies of a smart grid.
