ABSTRACT
Electric wires are still the source to transmit data in roughly all modern devices, such as the world's fastest supercomputers, laptops, or phones. For decades, copper wire can provide massive quantities of transistors to interconnect and maintain circuitry on smaller chips. Photonic circuits can be fabricated by direct patterning silicon to create optical interconnects to broadcast data-carrying laser signals. The biggest advantage is that it can transmit massive data while consuming low power with no heating up or causing any deterioration in the signal. Mostly high-speed modulators and switches are available in lithium niobate, which is used in optical communication systems. Integrated photonics contribute to the integration of numerous photonic components, such as beam splitters, polarizers, couplers, sensors, interferometers, and detectors on a single platform. The light injected into the core undergoes a phenomenon of total internal reflection between the interfaces; thus, light cannot escape the core.
