ABSTRACT
IoT and Industry 4.0 are the integration of sensors, processors, and power supply units, which can be implemented using numerous networking technologies, for instance, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as well as low-power wide area networks (LPWAN), and low-power wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) that contains sensors and actuators. Wireless sensor nodes gather scalar information like temperature, speed, location, and humidity from predefined areas and forward to the sink using single hope or multiple hopes. A sink, coordinator, or gateway is the intermediate device that connects IP-less networks with IP-enabled networks. Predefined areas can be monitored and controlled from a remote place. The communication between predefined areas and the real physical world provides several applications which can be used for IoT and Industry 4.0. This chapter contains a variety of technologies, algorithms, and innovative concepts used to design low-power, energy-efficient Industry 4.0 protocols. ZigBee, thread, Z-Wave, and EnOcean are popular low-energy protocols used to implement low-energy wireless personal area network technologies. Various technologies like LoRa/LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, etc., are used for LPWAN. IP-based lightweight protocols include 6LoWPAN, 6Lo, 6 TiSCH, RPL, and CoAP. Routers and aggregators that 284use energy-efficient routing and data aggregation use techniques such as scheduling, listening after sending data, channel sampling, etc. Protocols used for energy harvesting are also in demand to design self-powered sustainable WSN with the help of energy-neutral operation (ENO). Some protocols are designed along with low-energy consumption, providing solutions for encoding, encryption, security, and management. This chapter also analyzes various low-energy network protocols used in various technologies to implement IoT and Industry 4.0.
