ABSTRACT
The most important problems of the 21st century are the world’s need for more energy and the environmental problems that come with it, like global warming and climate change. It was acknowledged internationally that the rise of global temperature by 2 ◦C is inevitable (Álvarez Fernández, 2018). Due to this restriction, the design objectives for the current energy system must be expanded to include environmental effects, sustainability throughout its life span, constitutive materials, and hazardous products in addition to technology and economics (Hosseini, 2019). Transportation vehicles and machinery, which virtually solely rely on fossil fuels, utilize a considerable portion of the world’s energy (Chapman, 2007). Energy analysts and environmentalists are emphasizing the need to adopt clean and sustainable energy resources due to the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and the rising pace of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Hosseini, 2016). Currently, fluid fossil fuels account for a significant share (65%) of the world’s energy requirements due to their widespread availability and practical application. However, the production of fossil fuels will progressively decline over time (NejatVezirog, 2008). About half of the oil generated globally is consumed by the automobile sector. This energy consumption is expected to double or triple by 2050, and it seems improbable that the oil and gas supply will be able to keep up with this requirement. Across the globe, all countries are looking for environmentally friendly ways to meet their energy needs, particularly in the transportation industry (Hosseini, 2013). In many countries, hydrogen (H2) and fuel cells (FCs) are viewed as crucial alternative sources of energy for developing clean and renewable energy systems for transportation, stationary electricity, industrial, and household use in the future (Edwards, 2008).
