ABSTRACT
Many industries and research organizations describe forward osmosis (FO) as a unique tool for processing challenging feeds in ways not feasible with conventional membrane separation processes. FO technology provides an alternative solution for the concentration of food products and beverages, facilitation of water reuse and the minimization of waste. Recent developments in membranes for FO applications have contributed significantly to the rapid development of the technology. An ever-growing number of research groups are working to enhance flux, salt rejection, and hydrophilicity of FO membranes to minimize concentration polarization and fouling. Compared to conventional modules, there are several types of FO modular geometries in the market, and recent innovations in this field have contributed to significantly lower capital and operating costs with increased system efficiency. Key advances in FO technology, including membrane type, draw solution, module, and system design are enabling various applications where conventional membrane technology fails to deliver due to fouling or high osmotic pressures.
