ABSTRACT
Percutaneous closures of atrial communications are often simple and safe procedures, but in some patients, they can be rather intricate. Indications for closure are prevention of paradoxical embolism or arrhythmia, or prevention and treatment of heart failure. The fetal single atrium is divided into a right and left atrium (RA and LA) by the formation of the septum primum (SP). The ostium primum atrial septal defects (ASD) is a complex defect, which involves the atrioventricular canal and is associated with mitral valve malformations and coarctation of the aorta. Complex ostium primum ASDs are treated surgically. In patients with large ASDs and long-standing left-to-right shunt, percutaneous closure is generally advisable, although intermittent aggravation of pre-existing left ventricular failure may occur and may require higher doses of diuretics. patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure is technically the simplest procedure in interventional cardiology. A single operator can safely and effectively perform the procedure under local anesthesia and with fluoroscopic guidance alone.
