ABSTRACT
The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has marked a paradigm shift in the treatment of a number of cancers, and despite the original modest response noted in early trials of breast cancer, it is still a very promising approach, especially in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors has marked a paradigm shift in the treatment of a number of cancers, and despite the original modest response noted in early trials of breast cancer, it is still a very promising approach, especially in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular machinery associated with the development of secondary endocrine resistance in oestrogen receptor-positive and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer. A large number of prospective, randomised clinical trials have evaluated the role of adjuvant bisphosphonates in decreasing the risk of breast cancer recurrence and bone metastases.
