ABSTRACT
This paper examines the socio-spatial ideology towards an adaptive urbanism beyond hard control in works by Henri Lefebvre’s, The Right to the City and Steven Johnson’s Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Cities, and Software. Both Lefebvre and Johnson understand urbanization as basically violent and dominated by uneven expansion of urban space. This process has been the dynamic force of transformation in society. They both strive to formulate a conception for a self-organized city free of hard control. Although their respective approaches differ in fundamental ways, they share several values. They both provide concrete critical tools, methods and clarifications for conceptualizing urban planning and politics.
