ABSTRACT
In the initial stages of an inflammatory response, proinflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA), including the prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), play an essential role to mount the inflammatory response. This chapter discusses how pecialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) activate innate host defense mechanisms to limit the magnitude of inflammation, contain and efficiently clear microbes, and initiate timely resolution. A number of autacoids coined specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) that possess potent anti-inflammatory, proresolving and protective properties were discovered. These include the omega-3 fatty acid–derived resolvins and protectins as well as the more recently identified maresins. The anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities of SPMs are mediated via specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). SPMs can enhance clearance of bacteria by stimulating mucosal epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides to minimize the incidence of epithelium-adhering bacteria. Antiviral actions are reported for SPMs.
