ABSTRACT
Adenovirus (AdV) is an important human pathogen and is estimated to account for 8" of clinically relevant viral diseases globally. With more AdV serotypes being identified, it becomes clear that AdVs cause an array of clinical diseases, including epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), acute hemorrhagic cystitis, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, myocarditis, and pneumonia. As nonenveloped viruses, AdVs require engaging host cell factors - protein or carbohydrate receptors, to gain cell entry via interactions between the viral fiber protein and host cell receptor. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), produced by activated macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli, can directly inhibit virus replication and lyse virus-infected cells in vitro. Over six decades of studies have established that AdVs are useful model systems for uncovering fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology; provided important insights into AdV life cycle as well as its interactions with components of the host immune system; and shown that AdVs are useful vectors in gene transfer for gene therapy, vaccination, and cancer treatment.
