ABSTRACT
Human feeding studies provide reliable results on the effectiveness of inactivation methods, and represent the best model for determination of the inactivation, pathogenesis, and immunity of human norovirus (HNoV) for research in the absence of cell-culture infectivity assays and inability to discriminate infectious from noninfectious HNoVs. Due to the numerous issues and challenges facing the cultivation of HNoVs, cultivable animal viral surrogates such as feline calicivirus (FCV-F9), followed by murine norovirus (MNV-1) and then Tulane virus (TV) and porcine enteric sapovirus have been considered as alternate HNoV surrogates to enable progress in research toward prophylactic therapies and control measures against HNoVs. Initially, during environmental studies, bacteriophage MS2 was also used as a surrogate to determine survival and persistence. MNV-1 was used as a laboratory model and surrogate for HNoV to determine inactivation by physical and chemical inactivation methods that include high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP), high-pressure homogenization, ultraviolet light, and ozone.
