ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular medicine needs a complete functional and metabolic medicine reevaluation related to diagnosis, prevention, and integrative treatments. The key to the successful prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease is recognition of the risk factors, optimal aggressive and early treatment of the risk factors, and identification of treatments that will interrupt the pathways that connect the risk factors to these receptors. Understanding translational cardiovascular medicine allows appropriate correlation of the coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors to the presence or absence of vascular injury and disease utilizing noninvasive vascular testing. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is most commonly due to CHD and presents with both systolic and diastolic heart failure. The prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, CHD, and CHF require an early and aggressive program that includes optimal nutrition, antioxidants, nutritional supplements, weight management, resistance and aerobic interval exercise programs, tobacco cessation, and other life style changes that can be incorporated into a pharmaceutical regimen as necessary.
