ABSTRACT
Synthesized nanomaterials and their characterization is one of the most significant aspect for nano-bio interaction. Phyto-NPs interaction demonstrates different exposure avenues following uptake of nanomaterials into the plant system through seed-coat, root epidermis and stomatal aperture, among others, and subsequently translocated following either leaf to root or root to leaf transportation pathways, using both water and food conducting elements. Cellular accumulation of NPs suggests the involvement of various endocytotic pathways and ballistic diffusions and ion channel gated internalization, resulting in randomized cellular disposition significantly to mitochondria and nucleus. Nanocrystal agglomeration, mucilaginous sheathing and vesicularization, among others, are reported to be the host toxicity minimization attempts by physical separation of nano-bio interface. Sub-cellular localization of NPs possibly results in prevalence of a stress environment, which can be detected in the form of elevated H2O2 and MDA production. However, asynchrony in the antioxidant enzyme system contributes to failure of the host defence system and persistence of a stress environment. Apart from stress induction, cellular toxicity induced by NPs in mitotic and meiotic cells is also a determinant factor for their suitable applicability. Nuclear localization, along with sub cellular oxidative burst, exert negative influence on DNA health through direct and indirect modes of interaction, resulting in generation of DNA double strand break and formation of smaller sized fragments. Such DNA damage may be repaired during replication or fixed into stable, heritable mutation alterations.
