ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a summary of the state of the art of the research on graphene-based and modified graphene––based sensors. It shows that developed biological, mechanical, gas, and chemical sensors, and discusses a summary of the main mechanisms used in each of them. The chapter also introduces graphene and its synthesis methods. It focuses on graphene functionalization and its basic electrochemistry and electronics. The chapter presents graphene-based biosensors, mechanical sensors, and gas sensors. However, pristine graphene-based sensors need graphene layers with high quality, preferably made by mechanical exfoliation. The high-quality pristine graphene sheet obtained in this way allowed physicists to reveal the fundamental properties of this amazing material. Graphene materials have been employed for sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of nucleobases, nucleotides, and single-stranded and double-stranded DNAs. Developing a practical method for protein detection is one of the promising goals for a wide variety of applications, including clinical diagnostics.
