ABSTRACT

Geospatial technology refers to equipment used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of Earth's features, typically involving such systems as remote sensing, Geographical Information System, and global positioning system. Historically, the airborne remote sensing was primarily focused on surveying, reconnaissance, strategic land use mapping, and military surveillance during the First and Second World Wars. There are two models of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR): wave model and particle model. The amplitude of EM waves refers to its intensity or brightness. Phase denotes a particular point in the cycle of a waveform, measured as an angle in degrees. The polarization of EMR refers to the orientation of the oscillation within the electric field of the EM energy. Scattering of radiation by atmospheric particles has pronounced effects on the reflected EM energy captured by the sensors on board Earth observation satellites. Like Earth, the atmosphere also emits EM radiation due to its thermal state.