ABSTRACT
Biological conversion of biomass to renewable energy products involves biochemical reactions that convert organic substrates into products that can be utilized for energy production. The biomass that can be utilized for biological conversion include sugar crops, grains, trees, agricultural residues, grasses, and organic waste materials from municipalities, agriculture, and industries. Enzyme serves as a catalyst in the reaction and remains unchanged when the reaction is completed. When serving as catalysts for biochemical reactions, enzymes are very specific on substrates. For some enzymatic reactions, when substrate concentration is high it may inhibit its own utilization. When there is more than one substrate in a biological system, the substrates may compete against each other for the enzymes. Many biological processes involve microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast.
