ABSTRACT
The use of renewable energy systems from biomass resources is increasing rapidly in the world. Further increase in use of the renewable energy can be made after technological development, long-term planning, implementation of integration strategies, and appropriate investments. By using clean energy technologies, the bioenergy and geo-sequestration can provide a low carbon energy system (heat, power, electricity), energy efficiency, material recycling, carbon dioxide capture and storage in the food (rice processing, sugar), and fiber processing industries (pulp and paper). The corn, sugar beet, palm oil, soybean, rapeseed, and wheat are being used for biofuels and energy production in most of the developed countries that create food versus fuel conflict. Therefore, the agricultural waste, energy crops, crop residues, and animal wastes are considered the most potential bioenergy feedstocks. The most common energy crops are Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha), switchgrass, miscanthus, and willow in addition to micro-algae. Hybrid, integrated or smart renewable energy systems are effective technologies to explore with respect to resilience, environmental and economic benefits, and sustainability to generate electricity, heat, or biogas. The appropriate thermal or biochemical conversion technologies should be developed to convert biomass resources for biogas, ethanol, methane, dimethyl ether (DME), methanol, bioethanol, and hydrogen energy systems. The use of several technologies together, such as anaerobic digestion, thermochemical pre-treatment and Fischer Tropsch process, could efficiently convert biomass components to biofuels and other useful chemicals. The biomass combined heat and power is more convenient and beneficial for increased bioenergy use in an integrated district heating and cooling systems than bioheat boilers. Renewable energy policies, individual and government initiatives encourage harnessing of the renewable energy resources and implementation of renewable energy systems in Asian, Australian, European, African and Latin American countries, the United States, and Canada. The energy policy and framework development are necessary for cropping pattern of food crops, sustainable and moderate use of crop residue for bioenergy production, cultivation of energy crops, multi-crop and multi-site experiments, optimization of management practices, and innovative cropping systems.
