Adventure-based counseling model to improve students’ adversity intelligence

This study is based on the poor adversity intelligence of students and a lack of adventure-based counseling implemented in universities in Indonesia. The study aimed to create an adventure-based counseling model to improve students’ adversity intelligence. This study used a research and development approach consisting of four main stages, namely, an introductory study, hypothetical model design, model validation, and field testing. The targets of the study were 410 students of Tourism Colleges in Indonesia (STP Bandung, STP Bali, Akpar Medan, and Akpar Makasar), selected by incidental sampling technique. The study findings show that: (1) the existing adversity intelligence level of most Tourism College students is in the camper category; (2) there is no difference in students’ adversity intelligence on the basis of gender, study program, Grade Point Average, or parents’ salary; (3) an adventure-based counseling model can be assumed to be appropriate as an intervention model to improve students’ adversity intelligence; and (4) the adventure-based counseling model is proved to be effective in improving the adversity intelligence of Tourism College students in Indonesia. Therefore, it is recommended that the adventure-based counseling model be applied as part of the development of the counseling program in Tourism Colleges in Indonesia in order to improve students’ adversity intelligence.