Nanoscale structures and morphologies impart desired functions to many polymer-based materials (Aida et al. 2012; Bates et al. 2012; Hammond 2004, 2012; Hawker and Russell 2005; Ikkala and ten Brinke 2004; Palmer and Stupp 2008; Ramanathan and Darling 2011). Thus far, amazing arrays of structures, morphologies, and materials have been created using either lithography or molecular self-assembly (Aida et al. 2012; Bates et al. 2012; Hawker and Russell 2005; Palmer and Stupp 2008; Park et al. 2003; Xia and Whitesides 1998). Yet, there are structures or morphologies that are difcult

CONTENTS

9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................227 9.2 Concept of Sphere Packing .......................................................................229 9.3 Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles ..................................230