ABSTRACT
The explosive growth in the demand for wireless communication and information transfer using handsets and personal communication system devices has created the need for major advancements of antenna design as a fundamental part of wireless systems. Variation of antenna length and shape, such as conical and folded, can be used to increase the input impedance and/or bandwidth while maintaining the same basic radiation pattern. Another variation of the dipole/monopole is the sleeve antenna where the feed point is moved away from the ground plane in the case of the monopole. For a rectangular patch, the horizontal electric field along the edges of the patch has the same direction, which results in a maximum broadside radiation pattern. Signal fading in mobile communications is one of the more difficult problems to address in the complex propagation environment that exists in practice. Multiple reflections from stationary structures and moving bodies can cause serious fading in handheld reception systems.
