ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 11.1 Objectives and Limitations............................................................................................ 381
11.1.1 Dosimetry ........................................................................................................... 382 11.1.2 Densitometry or Incident Exposure Assessment......................................... 383
11.2 Fundamental Quantities of EMF.................................................................................. 384 11.2.1 Primary Quantities: Basic Restrictions .......................................................... 385 11.2.2 Derived Quantities: Reference Levels or Maximum Permissible
Exposure............................................................................................................. 386 11.3 Experimental Techniques .............................................................................................. 386
11.3.1 Field Probes........................................................................................................ 386 11.3.1.1 Broadband E Field Probes.............................................................. 386 11.3.1.2 Electro-Optical Sensors ................................................................... 389
11.3.2 Temperature Instrumentations ....................................................................... 391 11.3.2.1 Temperature Probes ........................................................................ 391 11.3.2.2 Infrared Photography...................................................................... 392 11.3.2.3 Microcapsulated Thermo-Chromic Liquid Crystals .................. 393 11.3.2.4 Calorimeters...................................................................................... 393
11.3.3 Measurement Antennas ................................................................................... 393 11.4 Near-Field Scanners ....................................................................................................... 394
11.4.1 Scanners for Dosimetric Compliance Testing .............................................. 394 11.4.2 Fast Dosimetric Scanners................................................................................. 395 11.4.3 Incident Near-Field Scanners.......................................................................... 397
11.5 Incident Field Evaluations in the Far Field of Transmitters.................................... 398 11.5.1 Broadband Measurements............................................................................... 399 11.5.2 Frequency-Selective Measurements............................................................... 401 11.5.3 Code-Selective Measurements ........................................................................ 402
11.6 Typical Maximum Peak Spatial SAR Exposures....................................................... 402 11.7 Typical Far-Field Exposures ......................................................................................... 404 Acknowledgment....................................................................................................................... 405 References ................................................................................................................................... 405
Experimental electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessments can be divided into two categories: (1) densitometry, that is, quantification of the incident EMF or the field characteristics at the location of exposed bodies but without their presence, and (2)
of biological tissues or bodies. In most cases of compliance evaluation, verification that the actual exposure is below a certain value is paramount to accurate determination of the individual exposure. However, highly accurate predictions are needed for some medical applications, for instance, hyperthermia. The focus of this chapter is on dosimetry for frequencies above 10 MHz, often referred to as radio frequency (RF) dosimetry. At lower frequencies, experimental dosimetry is usually limited to measurement of the incident magnetic fields.
